Mass Number Definition and Examples

Mass number is an  integer (whole number) equal to the sum of the number of protons and neutrons of an atomic nucleus. In other words, it is the sum of the number of nucleons in an atom. Mass number is often denoted using a capital letter A. Contrast this with the atomic number, which is simply the number of protons. Electrons are excluded from the mass number because their mass is so much smaller than that of protons and neutrons that they dont really affect the value. Examples 3717Cl has a mass number of 37. Its nucleus contains 17 protons and 20 neutrons. The mass number of carbon-13 is 13. When a number is given following an element name, this is its isotope, which basically states the mass number. To find the number of neutrons in an atom of the isotope, simply subtract the number of protons (atomic number). So, carbon-13 has 7 neutrons, because carbon has atomic number 6. Mass Defect Mass number only gives an estimate of isotope mass in atomic mass units (amu).The isotopic mass of carbon-12 is correct because the atomic mass unit is defined as 1/12 of the mass of this isotope. For other isotopes, mass is within about 0.1 amu of the mass number. The reason there is a difference is because of mass defect, which occurs because neutrons are slightly heavier than protons and because the nuclear binding energy is not constant between nuclei.

Economic Causes Of The French Revolution - 710 Words

The french revolution was primarily caused by the economic problems in France. Back in the 1700 hundreds, France had many problems, their biggest being economics. The biggest issue within economics was that the third estate were the only ones being taxed, the third estate consisted of (merchants, lawyers, businessmen). The second and first estate did not have to pay taxes! Another one of Frances big economic problems was that the whole country was in debt, because of all the wars. France also had a problem with people starving and having no money to buy food. 97% of the Frances population were part of the third estate, therefore almost 97% of France was starving and in need of food. Defiantly one of the main reasons to start a†¦show more content†¦Debt played a huge role in The French Revolution. There was vast sources of debt, but the biggest ones that really put France into debt was all the wars that they took place in many wars which they only won very few times, the major problem with entering wars, first being the cost to put yourself in the war, countless amounts of money has to be put in place for, troops, machinery, weapons, none of these came cheap. The problem they faced was that most countries can afford to put that much money out because if you win the war, you receive a large sum of money from other countries, unfortunately that is where France lost all of their money, they never won many wars, so they kept unloading money and weaponry, to get nothing in return and France can not say no to a war, so this routine h appened more and more often, which kept costing them money, which kept digging them a bigger hole into debt. With this hole getting bigger and bigger, it means that the whole country suffers because when the whole country goes into debt, the government tries to get out of debt by taking in out on their people by raising taxes, which their people could not afford regardless, so it is a big issue that is almost a revolving whirlpool, because you try to get rid of one thing and then all of the sudden, a problem you thought you got rid of comes right back in your direction, to face you again. â€Å"France fought four more major wars, none of which she could afford andShow MoreRelatedEconomic Causes Of The French Revolution811 Words   |  4 PagesThe French Revolution, also known as the Revolution of 1789 was a traumatic movement that had an affect on both France and the world during the late 17th and early 18th century. This Revolution lasted from 1789 until 1814, for it made a larg e impact on the nation that caused a turning point in the history of the world. During this time, many events occurred like the executing of KIng Louis XIV and the rule of Napoleon. There are many reasons to cause a revolution, but this revolution had both economicRead MoreCauses Of The French Revolution1119 Words   |  5 PagesThe French Revolution The French Revolution of 1789 was one of the biggest upheavals in history. You may be wondering what exactly led this to happen, but there were multiple long range causes. Political, social, and economic conditions ultimately led to the discontent of many French people especially those of the third estate. The ideals of the Enlightenment brought new views to government and society. Before the revolution, the majority of France were living in poverty. Peasants were entirelyRead MoreFrench Revolution754 Words   |  4 PagesFrench Revolution The French Revolution last from 1789 to 1799. This war had many causes that began the revolution. 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Of all the revolutions in history, it is perhaps the French Revolution that remains the most romanticized in the mindsRead MoreThe French Revolution Essay590 Words   |  3 PagesThe French Revolution The French Revolution last from 1789 to 1799. This war had many causes that began the revolution. Its causes ranged from the American Revolution, the economic crisis in France, social injustices to the immediate causes like the fall of Bastille, the Convening of he Estate-General, and the Great Fear. As a result of this revolution there many effects , immediate and long term. The immediate effects were the declaration of rights of man, abolishing of olds reign, executionRead MoreCauses Of The French Revolution750 Words   |  3 PagesA revolution is a drastic change in the way something is done, such as a government or an economy. One such revolution took place in France where the government was changed several times, many different people obtained power, and traditional ideas were questioned. 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While it changed the social structure in France it also affected many different countries across the world. â€Å"the treeRead MoreThe French Revolution Was A Period Of Significant Events That Changed The Face Of France1320 Words   |  6 PagesThe French Revolution was a period of significant events that drastically changed the face of France, altering the traditions of government and culture. History throughout time has maintained a cause-and-effect pattern with nearly all crucial events; the French Revolution is no different. Lasting from 1789 until 1799, the revolution was partially carried forward from Napoleon during the expansion of the French Empire. The revolution was a chain of social and political acts brought on by reformersRead MoreEssay about Causes of the French Revolution640 Words   |  3 PagesThe French Revolution was caused by many factors; some were significant and played a large role whil e others were of minor consequence. France was one of the richest and most powerful nations even though they were facing some economic difficulties. The French Revolution was a pivotal period in the history of French, European and Western civilization. During this period of time there was the formation of republicanism which replaced the absolute monarchy in France. Before the French Revolution Louis

“Be Strong,” the psycho woman said Free Essays

â€Å"Stuart you must learn to look on the bright side.† What bright side? I’m a sixteen year old lad and my cat has just died. Big deal you might think. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Be Strong,† the psycho woman said or any similar topic only for you Order Now But you weren’t the one in the washing machine, spinning round ten times a second! Poor cat. Dad thinks I’m mad. That’s why he sent me to the psycho woman in the first place. Well she’s a psychologist, and ok that wasn’t the only reason. My real mom had an affair and ran away with the postman. He just happened to be my dad’s brother, that’s all. Which sent me â€Å"Off the rails.† Or so they told me. I mean I’m not a train. I kept getting into trouble at school. You know, mixing with the wrong people, skipping classes at school, Stealing sweets, that kind of thing. Nothing really. What did they expect? Me to just except my moms gone and that I probably wont see her again. Plus the fact we wont get our mail delivered any more! No, I shouldn’t joke about it. There is a bright side! I’m laughing about it already. I’ve just realised I come from a broken home. Prison here I come! That was four months ago, and dads already got a new woman. ‘Ginger Gill!’ Bet you can’t guess what colour her hair is? There I go taking the mick again. Dad said I shouldn’t: â€Å"It’ll come back on you one day,† he bellows. Anyway I have a right, who calls there kid Stuart? I hate my name. After thinking long and hard, I have decided I am a tiny bit crazy. But only a bit. Who isn’t? Talking of crazy people: we live in front of a once nice green field, in Cornwall. I say once because ‘travellers’ moved in last week. Actually they are gypsies, but ‘travellers’ is the more polite way to say they are scruffy, no-hopers. I’m too cruel. Also, of course that’s what they call them on the news, so it has to be more polite. I kind of got talking to one of the gypsy girls, whilst walking my aunties dog, Bessie. She’s around my age (the girl not Bessie!) and quite good looking. But also a bit weird. She can’t pronounce her ‘R’s’, which is amusing. She was telling me about her grandmother, Rose. Or â€Å"Wose†, as she pronounces it. She said Rose could see into the future, and has been known to predict peoples’ lives. Very likely. She thought I should see her grandmother, as she could help me, more than any head doctor could. As if I need help. She was fascinating I thought. That’s a lie. It was boring. She was boring. The only thing she said that remotely interested me was that one of her other ‘gypo’ relatives, held the world record for the loudest burp. Now that was fascinating! It was when I got home, that I really took what the girl had said to me in. (‘the girl’-I didn’t catch her name! Oh well, ‘gypsy girl’ will do.) Maybe Rose could help me? After all I would like a few questions answered: Where is my mom? How could she leave me? Why did Casper (the cat) get into the washing machine? Why doesn’t ‘Ginger Gill’ dye her hair? There I go again! And most importantly, why is abbreviation such a long word? The next day, I wagged school. The psycho woman is really helping, don’t you think? Anyway I paid my gypsy friend another visit. This time I was introduced to her grandmother ‘Wose’. I mean Rose. I suppose I hoped she would be scruffy looking, with a crystal ball and a glass eye. But no, she looked pretty normal. As normal as a gypsy can look. Someone stop me! She was in her early sixties, I would say. She had long dark brown hair, covered in hair clips and beads. There had to be over one hundred. How did she hold up her head? She had a deep, manly voice, which was freaky. Disappointingly, both her eyes were real. I didn’t have chance to speak to her, as she had a headache, and went to bed. I’d have a headache, with all those hair accessories on my head. Me and Crystal, that was her name, I discovered, spoke for hours after. Today she didn’t seem so boring and dull. She said she hates living in a caravan. Who wouldn’t? She told me that her mom had died of cancer the previous year, and really missed her. Which made me feel stupid. I was upset that my mom had left, and the cat had died, well killed. She made me realise I should be grateful for who I am and what I have. See I can be serious. Crystal had arranged for me to visit ‘Gypsy Rose’, for one of her fortune-telling sessions. I really didn’t know what to expect. What if she told me my mom had become a stripper and was living under the sea? Ok, so that was not exactly going to happen. But she could tell me somethings I don’t want to hear. On the other hand, she could tell me Casper is ‘cat heaven’s’ answer to Brad Pitt. Either way I knew from tomorrow, my life would change. Who knows? I might even find out why abbreviation is such a long word! How to cite â€Å"Be Strong,† the psycho woman said, Papers

Maker of Smartphone Surveillance App Fined - Avoids Jail Time

Question: Case Study on "Maker of Smartphone Surveillance App Fined, Avoids Jail Time". Answer: This case study presents a sub-issue of ICT professionalism. Information ethics and computer ethics, as well as other applied ethics fields, need ethical theories to be used in different aspects of the analysis of ethical situations. Among these classical ethical theories is the theory of just consequentialism which is used to emphasize on the consequences of policies within the boundaries of justice. This use of the just consequentialism theory makes it a theoretical and sound practical approach to the different ethical problems of information ethics as well as computers. The malleability of computers and other electronic gadgets that are used in computing and information technology allows their use in unexpected and novel ways. The implication of this sentiment is that there are no well-stipulated policies and procedures that deal with the utilization of these gadgets. The advancements that have been made in computer technology have led to the creation of policy vacuums and even in cases where there are relevant policies, they are mostly inadequate or even ambiguous due to the reason that they were designed during a time that there were no significant advancements in computing and information technology such as the development and use of smartphones. It is this case in bad legislation that is faced by Hammad Akbar. People are not in full comprehension of the laws that are put in place to control the use of information technology advancements, such as the development of software and their applications. Precisely, the cyber laws in different countries are not well developed, and the developed ones have not lasted for a long time for them to be fresh in the minds of the citizens. This poor comprehension of cyber laws and information technology policies and regulations led to the deception of Abkar by his legal consultants that his smartphone application is legal and within legal boundaries. The classical ethical theory of consequentialism has been constrained by justice. The implication of this statement is that the evaluation of a certain policy requires first the assessment of its consequences before evaluating the impact of other policies (Mulgan, 2008). If the actions of people on computing and computing software, which involve smartphone applications do not cause any harm, then there would be no need for policies. However, if the actions taken by people in information technology and computing have adverse effects on people affected, then there is the need to have policies in place to aid in the control of those actions. In the case of Abkar, his effort of developing the StealthGenie smartphone application had some effects on the parties affected. One unethical manner in which Abkars StealthGenie app affected people was that it invaded to their privacies (Zapotosky, 2014). The app was used for surveillance to track cheating partners by recording their conversations without their consent after the application has been installed on their smartphones. The use of the app for surveillance is not provided for by the law in such cases; it is only allowed by the government for security reasons monitoring. The other classical ethical theory that can be used in the analysis of Abkars case is the Deontological theories. According to Alexander Moore (2007), deontological theories are theories that are based on whether an action is morally right or morally wrong on whether it is in conformance or conflict with moral rights and duties. There are two different types of deontological theories, Kantian deontology, and Rossian deontology. The Kantian deontology forms the best foundation for discussing the case of Hammad Abkar. The Kantian deontology theory is used to mean duties. This theory states that people are in moral obligation to act according to a set of certain rules, principles, and regulations regardless of the expected outcomes. The core thing in this theory is the duties that people are obligated to perform. The implication is that a person can be bound to carry out a particular moral obligation, and they should do it without liking to know what effects it will have on the parties affected. In this case of Abkar, his duty is to develop applications, either for off-the-shelf use or customized purposes. One can argue that Abkar has the responsibility of developing applications regardless of whatever outcomes are expected from the use of those applications, either in computers or other electronic gadgets such as smartphones. It can further be argued that the moral duty in the application of the applications developed and the legal boundaries are held within the users of the applications. Abkar, therefore, has no obligation whatsoever to act in compliance or conflict with any form of the application for the reason that he is just a developer. The people who are supposed to take responsibility for the use of applications are the users. Furthermore, one can also argue that spouses are morally obligated to act in faithfulness and commitment in their marriage. A husband is expected to love and be faithful to his wife and on the other hand, a wife is also expected to remain submissive and faithful to her husband. On this argument, it is the duty of every spouse to remain in connection with their other spouse. Surveying them or ensuring that there is an update of what they are doing on a daily basis is morally wrong. These sentiments then make it legal for couples to devise ways in which they can keep track of their spouses always. Hammad Abkar, therefore, is not obligated at all to be judged by his conduct of developing the StealthGenie smartphone app and installing it on clients smartphones according to the deontological theories. In conclusion, it is imperative to note that any case in computing and information communication technology can be analyzed using several criteria or theories. In this case, the consequentialism and deontological theories are used. The two theories, however, offer different suggestions and ways of handling Abkars case. It is, however, the decision of the law enforcers to finally come up with a judgment on whether there was a breach of law provided, or whether there is a policy void that needs to be filled to prevent such occurrences from happening. References Alexander, L., Moore, M. (2007). Deontological ethics. Mulgan, T. (2008). Future people: a moderate consequentialist account of our obligations to future generations.OUP Catalogue. Zapotosky, M. (2014). Maker of smartphone surveillance app fined, avoids jail time Read more.