The Process Of Self Actualization - 1473 Words

The Process Leading to Self-Actualization In the 1940s/50s psychologist Abraham Maslow developed a model that explained human motivation. This was the hierarchy of needs, which can be shown as a pyramid that has different levels of the needs of a human. At the bottom are basic needs for survival, and the higher levels are psychological needs. The highest level is self-actualization; the ability to reach one’s full potential and become the best person they can be (Adler, 8). All humans are capable and motivated to fulfill all of these needs, and one level of needs must be met before the next can be (Hockenbury, 341). To reach self-actualization, one must first meet all of the needs below it on the hierarchy of needs. The bottom two levels of the pyramid are basic needs. The lowest level includes those needs that are essential and must be met for survival, called the biological and physiological needs. These are things such as the need for air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, slee p, and the ability to reproduce. Obviously, a person cannot live without breathing, and have to have food and water. They also need to be able to rest and have some sort of shelter. These really are the most basic needs (McLeod). If someone cannot meet these, they may die. For that reason, a person who is having trouble fulfilling these needs can reach out to their friends and family for help. If not them, their community will have food pantries and soup kitchens, and food programs that they canShow MoreRelatedKurt Maslow s Concept Of Self Actualization1115 Words   |  5 PagesRogers self-actualization theory continues to have significant influence in contemporary psychology. Both Maslow and Rogers discussed the concept of self-actualization in their theories. Though there is some overlap, there are some significant differences in the way they use this term. In this assignment you are to compare and contrast their views on self-actualization. Answer the following questions: 1. Briefly describe Maslow’s concept of self-actualization Abraham Maslow s concept of self-actualizationRead MoreEssay on Self-Actualization and Self-Discovery752 Words   |  4 Pagescreation, but the very second we are born it is our job to find out who we are. Life is described by some to be an epic journey of self-discovery and actualization, and that’s exactly what it is. Self-actualization is the term used to describe how individuals go their whole lives trying to reach their full potential. Now, what does this mean to an individual? Being self-actualized means that an individual knows who they are and what they want and what they were made for, and generally this notion isRead MoreConcepts Vs. Self Actualization1311 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Concepts vs. self-actualization- Instead of dedicating your life to actualize a concept of what you should be like, ACTUALIZE YOURSELF. The process of maturing does not mean to become a captive of conceptualization. It is to come to the realization of what lies in our innermost selves .† -Bruce Lee. As humans we are not perfect we are brought up in a world where we are thought by everyone to be what society expects us to be. Unfortunately, a lot of people never accomplish self-actualization and free themselvesRead MorePersonality Theory Of Personality Development1325 Words   |  6 Pagesthe self-concept. Rogers’s theory of personality is based on the notion that all individuals have the innate ability to reach actualizing tendency and establish a self-concept, which is congruent with his whole experience (Warner, 2009). Rogers defined the actualizing tendency as the inborn motivating force of the self, which move towards fulfilling and enhancing ones true potential. The actualizing tendency applies to all living organism, however, in human this tendency is referred as self-actualizationRead MoreSelf Actualization : A Struggle For Identity1584 Words   |  7 PagesSelf-actualization: A Struggle for Identity According to Psychologist Abraham Maslow in â€Å"Self-actualization and Beyond,† self-actualization is a process in which one identifies his inner ability to do something productive. Once this inner talent comes out, that’s when a person actualizes himself. He believes that every individual self-actualizes, and while doing so one might make many wrong choices. Sonny and his older brother are faced with several obstacles while being on a journey to self-actualizationRead MoreThe Five Factor Of Personality966 Words   |  4 Pagescategories to describe common personality traits. Extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and open to experience (Carver Scheier, 2012). Extraverison is how a person’s interests are in an outward manner or things that does not involve self. Neuroticism is how stable a person’s own emotions. Agreeableness is how the reflection of how a person is while maintaining relationships. Conscientiousness is the representation of people that are responsible in most aspect of their lives, on theRead MoreMaslows Theory Of Self Actualization1410 Words   |  6 PagesMaslow’s Theory of Self-Actualization According to Ellis, Abrams, Abrams (2009), Maslow’s theory of self-actualization can be defined as, â€Å"†¦an innate tendency of human beings to fulfill and enhance their potential, provided that basic physical and social needs are met† (p.620). Maslow viewed human beings in a unique way and altered his original idea of what someone who achieved this highest level of potential was. Maslow believed that individuals who achieved this potential could be defined throughRead MoreDescription in Detail of the Humanistic Theories by Rogers and Maslow1517 Words   |  7 Pagestheory and Abraham Maslow who has developed a hierarchy of needs, where he emphasized on self-actualization. There is an evaluation on both Rogers and Maslow theories, on how they are based on their own assumptions and views, and I apply Maslow’s theory of self-actualization into my own personal life. 2. Description in detail of the Humanistic theories by Rogers (person-centred) and Maslow (self-actualization) and the evaluation of both theories. 2.1 Rogers (person-centred theory) humanistic theory:Read MoreThe Color Purple Character Analysis1032 Words   |  5 Pages Abraham Maslow’s pyramid of needs is a five tier breakdown of how a person might reach a point of self-actualization. In The Color Purple a few characters can be seen finding themselves indirectly through the steps of the pyramid Maslow created. One character that exemplifies this process is Nettie. With the help of her older sister Celie, Nettie was able to begin the journey of finding herself. Cecile protects Nettie from her father and allows her to experience a relatively basic idea of freedomRead MoreThe Cathedral By Raymond Carver1294 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscusses that people live a fulfilling life because of self-actualization in his study â€Å"Self-Actualization and Beyond† in 1967. He notes that with self-awareness, a person â€Å"comes to know what [their] destiny is, who [their] wife or husband will be, what [their] mission in life will be† (Maslow 440). In the cases of those who aren’t aware of their self, like the narrator of â€Å"Cathedral† by Raymond Carver, they lack all behaviors of self-actualization as well as the experience of transcendence that follows

ROMAN COPIES OF GREEK ORIGINALS Essay - 2162 Words

The construct of the ‘Roman copy’ in art history has deeply rooted and extensive origins. Whilst this prejudiced was attached to Roman sculpture from an extremely early time in modern archaeology and art history, the construct viewed in a current context reveals issues with both its development and contribution to historical understanding and education. The construct is formed upon several main factors that have recently been called into question by revisionist historians. Firstly, the development of the construct by conservative historians during the 18th century, a context that valued artistic originality and authenticity, lead to it’s popularisation and circulation as a respected model. Secondly, the construct rests entirely on the†¦show more content†¦The import of these historians in the cannot be understated, as expressed by Tanner, â€Å"The practice of classical art history †¦ was largely modelled on German exemplars, giving rise to broadly similar styles of scholarship †¦ through a process of competitive emulation.† Throughout Winckelmann’s influential work, Greek artistic superiority is clearly established, â€Å"The only way to become great, or, if this be possible, inimitable, is to imitate the Greeks.† Views towards both Greek and Roman art have since been influenced by this inherent and negative bias towards Roman sculpture, even allowing for the traditional art-historical taxonomy of Roman sculpture to include in it the category of ‘copies’. Through the writings of Moon, it is clear that the perception is still apparent, â€Å"our handbooks are littered with scholarly distaste at having to work from such inadequate and second-rate reproductions [as Roman sculpture]†. In retrospect, many of the conclusions drawn by the contemporary historians on the matter of Greek artistic superiority have been either realised to be incorrect or simply based on contextual prejudice and bias by current revisionist historians. In his writings of the 18th century, J. J. Winckelmann argued strongly to establish the Classical Greek style as the formal standard for modern-day European art. This argument was based on the notion that all art subsequent to the period of Alexander the Great was merely a degraded form of

Model of Economic Equilibrium

Question: Explain why a stable economic equilibrium requires the economy to be operating at an output level at which the aggregate demand curve, the long run aggregate supply curve and the short run aggregate supply curve all intersect. Answer: Introduction Any stable economic equilibrium is a long-run equilibrium. Both the demand and supply are expected to fluctuate in the short-run whereas in the long-run the equilibrium is at the steady state or at a level where the level of fluctuation of both the aggregate demand and aggregate supply is minimum. Hence, to analyze the stable economic equilibrium it is essential to analyze the dynamics that undergirds the movement of both the aggregate demand curve and aggregate supply curve for its initial position. An enquiry into the behavior from a short-run to a long-run will help us in understanding the reasons change has happened. A systematic analysis of the same will help us in understanding the reasons the stable economic equilibrium occurs at the intersection of all the three curves. (Skott, 1996). The existence of the stable economic equilibrium occurs where all the three curves long-run aggregate supply, short-run aggregate supply and short-run aggregate demand intersect. However, it i s essential to understand that this equilibrium is mainly an equilibrium suggested by the new classical economists. Hence, the explanation of this will form a part of the next section where relevant discussion regarding the dynamics of the adjustment has been presented (Goodwin, 2007). Analysis of the Economic Equilibrium The conjecture of the New Classical economists and the Keynesian economists differs mainly regarding the shape (or the slope) that the long-run aggregate supply curve will take. That the economy always has a tendency to come back to its long-run solution is the main reason the intersection takes place of all the three curves. The long-run equilibrium points are all the points on the long-run supply curve which is where the economy always is irrespective of changes in aggregate demand. Changes in price has no effect on the shape of level of productivity in the long-run. This will be the case when the long-run aggregate supply curve will be vertical. Therefore, any movement of the aggregate demand will only lead to a situation of inflationary gap or deflationary gap. In a situation of inflationary gap there is a rise in the level of inflation with a fall in the aggregate level of output in the short-run because the output exceeds the limit the economy is capable of producing. Whereas i n a deflationary gap, there is a fall in the level of output with a rise in the level of output in the short-run. An inflationary gap is a situation when increase in aggregate demand causes the output to go beyond the natural rate. This situation has been illustrated in Figure 1 when the aggregate demand increases and goes beyond the full employment. The economy will not be able to sustain production at that level because the rise in the cost of production, in the long-run, will force the economy to come back its equilibrium level of natural rate output. Therefore, the short-run aggregate supply curve will shift to the left (Tomlinson, n.d.). The same dynamics will repeat when there is a leftward in the short-run aggregate demand curve. The result will be a price fall because then the short-run aggregate supply curve will shift to the right as there is a natural tendency for the economy to move to the long-run equilibrium points if and when the aggregate demand falls. The economy will adjust to the same level of output but will be operating with a price level lower than the one which prevailed before the short-run aggregate curve decreased (McElroy, 2005). Hence, the economy will always have a tendency to come back to the equilibrium position irrespective of the position it occupies in the shot-run and medium-run. However, it is essential to essential to point out that this equilibrium is not the Keynesian outcome. In a Keynesian world the long-run aggregate supply curve is horizontal so change in the aggregate demand induced by greater government activity will have the maximum effect on the output and not on the prices ( Parker, 2010). The Keynesian view is that their always prevails the situation of excess capacity on the market and, therefore, the long-run equilibrium position will keep on shifting with demand getting a boost. However, the new classical always stressed on the ability of the market to correct itself which was mainly driven by the ability of the prices, which they believed, to be flexible. Hence, the flexible prices will always, lead the economy to a situation where the equilibrium will take place along the points given by the long-run aggregate supply curve (Keynes, 1936). As a matter of fact, changes in aggregate supply will induce the necessary changes in aggregate demand so that the economy can always come to settle at a stable equilibrium. Therefore, in all the cases the equilibrium will always occur at the point where the aggregate demand in the economy is equal to long-run aggregate supply. Therefore, the aggregate demand is the most important determinant in the economy (McEl roy, 2005). Therefore, a new classical solution to the stable equilibrium is highly dynamic. The economy always will settle along the points given by the long-run supply curve. However, whether this framework given by the new classical is a realistic explanation of the economy is a matter of serious consideration (Bluedorn, 2005). Conclusion Most of the empirical evidence in the literature that the long-run aggregate supply does have the tendency to change. Hence, under that consideration, the Keynesian economic paradigm of the macroeconomic situation makes more sense. Some of the empirical evidence given in the economic literature seems to suggest that the nature of long-run aggregate supply given by the New Classical economists seems to be a more practical reality for advanced economies where there is hardly any prevalence for excess capacity. However, the Keynesian long-run aggregate supply which is horizontal may be a more realistic assumption for the developed and emerging market economies. These economies have a massive amount of untapped capacity and changes in aggregate demand induced by changes in aggregate demand induced changes in fiscal policy will have the greatest impact on the aggregate output. Hence, fiscal policy under the Keynesian is given the utmost priority. It is due to fiscal policy that nations ca n help revive their economy and bring it to a stable growth path. However, the use of fiscal policy under the assumptions of the New Classical economists has no favorable impact on the economy (Blinder, 2002). However, irrespective of the use of policy the stable equilibrium will always occur at the point where all the three curves namely the short-run aggregate supply, short-run aggregate demand and the long-run aggregate supply curve will cross each other. References Blinder, A. (2002). The Conscience Encyopledia of Economics. Retrieved from https://mysite.avemaria.edu/gmartinez/Courses/ECON201/pdf/Keynes_NewClassical.pdf Bluedorn, J. (2005). Equilibrium of Aggregate Demand and Supply. Nuffield College. Retrieved from https://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/432578/4647124/1257287182137/ox-int_macro_M8-HT05.pdf?token=u6P6UCgm4UoP30NjgZDd84Ww1gM%3D McElroy, M. (2005). The Classical Model of Macroeconomy. The Macroeconomy Private Choices, Public Actions, and Aggregate Outcomes. Retrieved from https://www4.ncsu.edu/~mcelroy/302/C_Chpt2.pdf Goodwin, A. (2007). Aggregate Supply, Aggregate Demand, and Inflation: Putting It All Together. Retrieved from https://www.ase.tufts.edu/gdae/Pubs/te/PRINCIPLES/Principles_SSG_Ch28.pdf Keynes, J. (1936). The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. Retrieved from https://cas2.umkc.edu/economics/people/facultypages/kregel/courses/econ645/winter2011/generaltheory.pdf Parker, J. (2010). Aggregate Supply and Demand: A Simple Framework for Analysis. Retrieved from https://www.reed.edu/economics/parker/s10/314/book/Ch02.pdf Skott, P. (1996). Keynesian Theory and the Aggregate Demand-Aggregate Supply Frameowrk. Retrieved from https://web.holycross.edu/RePEc/eej/Archive/Volume22/V22N3P313_331.pdf Tomlinson, S. (n.d.). New Keynesian and New Classical Approahces to Fiscal Policy. Retrieved from https://www.cengage.com/economics/tomlinson/transcripts/8548.pdf

Trade Unions Essays - Labour Relations, Labor, Trade Union

Trade Unions "A trade union is an independant self-regulating organization of workers created to protect and advance the interests of its members through collective action." Over recent years, it has become fashionable in many quarters to write off Britain's trade unions, to label them as obsolete institutions out of touch with new realities and incapable of change. In today's world of individual employment contracts, performance-related pay schemes, Human Resource and Total Quality Management and all the other ingredients of the so-called ?new' workplace, trade unions are often regarded as anachronistic obstacles preventing success of the market economy. As collective voluntary organizations that represent employees in the workplace, it is argued, trade unions no longer serve a useful purpose. The main priority of this essay is to represent the arguments for and against the relevance of trade unions in todays working society. Furthermore, I shall comment on the future of the trade union movement, based upon the facts and findings that helped construct this text. Trade unions exist because an individual worker has very little power to influence decisions that are made about his or her job. The greatest advantage in joining a trade union is because, by doing so, individuals possess more chance of having a voice and influence in their place of work. By joining forces with other workers, an individual's opinions and beliefs regarding their job will also be voiced by other union members, thus creating a stronger stance against management, if needed. Therefore, the main purpose of a trade union is to protect and improve people's pay and conditions of employment. This objective is usually achieved through negotiation and representation. Negotiation is where union representatives discuss with management, issues which affect people working in an organization. The union finds out the members' views and relays these views to management. Pay, working hours, holidays and changes to working practices are the sort of issues that are negotiated. However, not all views will be taken on board by management; there may be a difference of opinion between them and union members. Negotiation, therefore, is about finding a solution to these differences. This process is also known as collective bargaining. "In many workplaces there is a formal agreement between the union and the company, which states that the union has the right to negotiate with the employer. In these organizations, unions are said to be recognised for collective bargaining purposes." People who work in organizations where unions are recognised are better paid, and are less likely to be made redundant than people who work in organizations where unions are not recognised. Most collective bargaining takes place quietly and agreements are quickly reached by the union and the employer. Occasionally disagreements do occur, and in these cases the union may decide to take industrial action. "If the problem cannot be resolved amicably, the matter may go to an industrial tribunal." The purpose of industrial tribunals is to make sure that employees and employers conform to employment laws. They are made up of people outside the workplace who make a judgement about the case, based on the employee's and employer's point of view. Cases that go to industrial tribunals are usually about pay, unfair dismissal, redundancy or discrimination at work. The Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service (ACAS) is often used to help find a solution to a dispute, which is acceptable to both sides. "Its duty under the Employment Protection Act is to promote the improvement of industrial relations and in particular to encourage the extension of collective bargaining. Also to develop (and where necessary to reform) collective bargaining machinery. Its main functions are: advisory work, collective conciliation, individual conciliation, arbitration, and extended investigation into industrial relations problems." Individuals can be represented by trade unions when they encounter problems at work. If an employee feels that they are being unfairly treated, he or she can ask the union representative to help sort out the difficulty with the manager or employer. Apart from negotiation and representation, many other benefits can be gained by joining a trade union. One of these benefits is the fact that unions can offer their members legal representation. Usually this is to help people to get financial compensation for work-related injuries, or to assist people in taking their employer to court. Members can also take full advantage of the wealth of information which can be obtained from unions, of which can prove invaluable. The kind of information available covers a range of issues i.e. the length of holiday that an employee is entitled to each year, the amount of pay an employee would be